That basically, at the optimum, the ratio of Marginal Utilities equals the Ratio Prices. That is the rate at which you want to trade off pizza for cookies, is the rate at which the market will allow you to trade off pizza for cookies.
Basically, it's saying the ratio of the benefits. Think of this as the benefits and this as the costs.
The MRS as the benefits. It's what you want. The MRT is the costs. It's where you're constrained. You want to set the ratio of the benefits equal to the ratio of the costs
I find it actually easier to think of it this way. If you just rearrange terms, you can write it as MUc over pc equals MUp over p sub p.
MUc / Pc = MUp / Pp
I like this way of writing it because I call this
"The bang for the buck equation"
What this is saying, your marginal happiness per dollar should be equal. This is sort of the happiness per dollar spent on cookies. This is the happiness per dollar spent on pizza. And you want those to be equal. You want the bang for the.... you want to put your next dollar where it's going to make you happiest.
And so, basically, think of that as your bang for your buck. So, for example, suppose you were in a position where the MRS was greater than the MRT. You're in a position where the marginal utility of cookies and I'm getting rid the negatives.
There's negative on both sides. So I'm just going to get rid of the negatives. The marginal utility of cookies over the marginal utility of pizza was greater than the price of cookies over the price of pizza, OK? That is the slope of the indifference curve was greater than the slope of the budget constraint. This is the slope of the indifference curve.
OK, This is slope of the indifference curve. This is the slope of the budget constraint. In absolute value, the slope of the indifference curve is greater in absolute value than the slope of the budget constraint, OK? That would be true at points like point A, point A where you intersect-- where you basically intersect from above the budget constraint by the indifference curve. So a point like point A has a steeper slope of the indifference curve than does the budget constraint.
What that says is intuitively and, once again, I want you to understand the intuition.
The marginal benefit to you of another cookie, which is this. This is how much more you want the next cookie relative to how much more you want the next pizza -- is greater than what the market is going to charge you to trade in your pizza for cookies.
Therefore, you should trade in your pizza for cookies.
Intinya, pada titik optimum,
rasio utilitas marjinal sama dengan rasio harga.
Itu artinya, laju pertukaran pizza dengan kue yang kamu inginkan sama dengan laju pertukaran pizza dengan kue yang diizinkan pasar.
Secara sederhana, anggap MRS sebagai manfaat — itu adalah apa yang kamu inginkan. MRT sebagai biaya — itulah batasanmu.
Jadi intinya, kamu ingin menyamakan rasio manfaat dengan rasio biaya.
Maksudnya begini: kebahagiaan tambahan per rupiah yang kamu dapatkan dari membeli kue harus sama dengan kebahagiaan tambahan per rupiah dari membeli pizza. Kamu ingin setiap rupiah yang kamu keluarkan memberikan tingkat kebahagiaan yang sama, bukan?
Jadi kamu harus menempatkan uangmu pada hal yang memberi kebahagiaan paling besar per rupiah.
Nah, misalnya kamu berada pada posisi di mana MRS lebih besar daripada MRT. Artinya, marginal utility (kepuasan tambahan) dari kue (dan kita abaikan tanda negatif karena ada di kedua sisi) dibandingkan dengan marginal utility dari pizza lebih besar daripada rasio harga kue terhadap harga pizza.
Dengan kata lain, kemiringan kurva indiferen (indifference curve) lebih besar daripada kemiringan garis anggaran (budget constraint). Dalam nilai absolut, kemiringan kurva indiferen lebih curam daripada kemiringan garis anggaran. Ini biasanya terjadi di titik seperti titik A, di mana kurva indiferen memotong garis anggaran dari atas.
Secara intuitif — dan aku ingin kamu memahami intuisi di baliknya.
Manfaat tambahan yang kamu peroleh dari satu kue lagi dibanding satu pizza lagi lebih besar daripada biaya yang harus kamu bayar di pasar untuk menukar pizza menjadi kue.
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