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  Consumers are gonna maximize their utility subject to a budget constraint. How do consumers put them together? Graphically, the representation of preferences was our indifference curves. That represented people's indifference with further out indifference curves made people happy  So, essentially, what we're gonna ask graphically is what is the highest indifference curve you can achieve given your budget ?  We know you want to be that highest indifference curve possible by more is better. So we're simply gonna ask what is the highest indifference curve you can reach given your budget. Utility is square root of P times C, OK? And let's consider the same budget we wrote down up here-- $72 income, $12 price of pizza, $6 price of cookies. And now let's ask where can you go with that.  So, in figure 3-4, you have our budget constraint, which runs from 6 pizzas to 12 cookies. That's the original budget constraint. And you have a series ...

  Nabi Muhammad, itu meminta kaum muslimin mewajibkanya untuk mempermudah agama, jangan mempersulit. Kaum musliminya malah mempersulit. Nabi itu mewajibkan kaum muslimin itu untuk bersatu, jangan bikin jama'ah2.. mereka malah bikin jama'ah2, tidak bersatu saling menghujat, menyesatkan satu sama lain. Jadi semua ajaran Nabi, itu dibalik sama mereka, tetapi ngakunya islam. Jadi dibajak islam itu. Jadi semua ajaranya dibalikin, dibalikin semuanya. Udah gitu diakuin ini adalah islam. Makanya sekarang tidak berkembang, teknologi tidak jadi apa2 tapi ketergantungan sama orang2 yang disebut kafir tadi. Ekonomi juga tidak berkembang kecuali membuat kerusakan di muka bumi. Gitu ya.. dengan minyak bumi dan gas alam dan sebagainya. Dan mereka bangga dengan itu, mereka jadi kaya raya, tajir melintir, justru dengan jualan bahan2 yang merusak lingkungan. Padahal, demi allah mereka tahu, ada dalil yang melarang kerusakan di muka bumi, di daratan dan di lautan, mereka hafal.  Setelah hafal ap...

  "The Drunkards" That was the original crime.  Why does that make sense? or not?  Why might he have thought of calling it "The Drunkards" when he first wrote.... Seems like he kind of viewed the people of St Petersburg as a drunk population dirty population.  And what does it mean to say they're "drunk population"?  There's just like a lot of taverns and that it was kind of dirty And scenes in this novel take place in taverns  The Drunkards is sort of drunk off of his own foolishness. That's good a metaphoric use of drunkers Raskolnikov is drunk off his own what did you say his own Notions, his own ideas, his own theories. Alright, That's good so let's separate that from Raskolnikov Theories.  Anybody else? The parallels between Marmeladov  and Raskolnikov.... Excellent between their what?  their Journeys  In fact marmalad was the original hero of the novel. So he's drunker Numero Uno in the book. "Para Pemabuk" — itulah...

If you want to learn what it means to think like a lawyer, you don't have to go to law school. There's plenty of books and websites and videos out there on this topic. And if you dive into it, probably the most common things you're gonna see are sort of on this list. So like the first thing, especially if you're gearing specifically for things for law students,you'll be taught  I.R.A.C.   Issue Rule Analysis  Conclusion So in law school, most exams are what we call "issue spotters,"  like a big, long fact pattern where you're supposed to read it.  And the idea is that you do this -  you spot the issue,  you discuss what the rule is that applies to the issue,  you show your work, your analysis, your application,  and you explain the conclusion, the result that should come from it. You're taught to avoid emotional reactions  and distractions. Don't let a red herring take you off-topic but focus on the logic, the core of the issue. You...

  There's five Key activities in marketing, the first activity is to identify an unmet need. So this is also a broad look at marketing because you can take lots of courses in marketing  you could read many books in marketing  you could read thousands and thousands of pages of marketing  but just so that we start our discussion at a place where we could sort of get the big picture when we think about marketing. So I want you to understand where we're starting from and where we're going to end up.  So the first step in marketing is to identify an unmet need and in order to do that we're going to do marketing research. we're going to do qualitative research and quantitative research  we're going to do primary research and we might also purchase secondary research  it could be a mail survey  it could be a phone survey  it could be an internet survey  A good example of qualitative research would be focus groups. And focus groups we have 10 or...

  Now let's ask about a second thing.  What if prices are back to 12 and 6, but your parents decide to send you more money?   Suppose your parents-- or send you less money. It turns out you haven't been paying enough attention  in 14.01. You're parents are mad. They're monitoring you. That's why we have the camera here. This goes directly to all your parents, OK?  I'm sort of joking. And so let's say parents cut your allowance to $60, OK? Well, what does that do? That's in figure 3-3. OK, in figure 3-3, the old budget constraint  was that you get pizzas and cookies at a price of $6 and $12, and you could get them until you spend $72.  Now you can only get them until you spend $60. Now what we see is not a pivot in the budget constraint,  but an inward shift in the budget constraint, because the relative price of pizza and cookies has not changed.  Therefore, the slope hasn't changed. OK, the slope is dictated solely-- you don't do anything to...

  Construction of Budget Constraint . OK, now  what happens if we shock the budget constraint?  So we talked about constructing them.  What about shocking the budget constraint?   We're going to do a lot in this class of what we call comparative statics, which is, essentially, making changes in one thing or another  and seeing what it does to the system. So let's talk about shocking the budget constraint. Let's start first with a change in prices. Suppose the price of pizza goes from $12 up to $18.  This is a really good slice of pizza, OK? Well, what happens to the budget constraint? Baik, sekarang apa yang terjadi, jika kita mengubah batasan anggaran? Jadi, kita sudah membahas cara menyusunnya.  Bagaimana dengan mengubah batasan anggaran?  Dalam kelas ini, kita akan sering melakukan apa yang disebut  comparative statics , yaitu pada dasarnya membuat perubahan pada satu hal atau hal lain dan melihat dampaknya terhadap sistem.  Ayo ...

  Weight Watchers The dieting is super hard and basically doesn't work. There's a large literature, which says that people go on diets all the time, then they stop them, and they gain the weight back.  But a much more successful approach  has been established by "Weight Watchers". It's not the only approach, but it's been proven much more successful,  And, essentially, what does Weight Watchers do? They set up a budget constraint and ask you to follow it.  So, for example, they essentially assign point values to every good you might consume.  On the website, and everything in the world you might want to eat has a point value. They then ask,  What weight are you today?  What's your age and gender?  and What weight do you want achieve?  And they say, if you want to achieve a weight loss of x over y days, then you've got to limit yourself to z points. Diet itu sangat  sulit  dan pada dasarnya  tidak efektif .  Ada banyak...

  Hello everyone! Daria here, we're gonna learn the Russian language from scratch, from zero!  So first and probably it's not what you have been expecting, Goal . Yes! number one is always a goal . Right now I want you to stop the video and think why you want to learn the Russian language. It's extremely important,  because your decision will  influence the whole  process of learning the Russian  language and this is one of the key  points for motivation too. S o for example maybe your goal is  communication, one of the  most important goals for any foreign language learning,  Communication .  If you want to communicate with Russian people – concentrate on listening, on speaking, on expanding your vocabulary. And in this case you should not care about grammar too much, because if you speak to a Russian person, actually even if you don't use any cases, if you mispronounce things, if you do anything... Russians will still understand w...

  I find this easier to see graphically.  So let's turn to figure 3-1   Figure 3-1 Budget Constraint Figure 3-1 shows a  budget constraint .  So how does the budget constraint look?  Well, the x-axis is  your income  divided by the price of cookies.  That is, if you decide to devote all your income to cookies, then  how many cookies can you have?  Y over Pc.  If your income is $100, and cookies are $10 -- that means you're going to Insomnia Cookies --  then you can only have 10 cookies, et cetera.  Likewise , the Y-intercept is the income  divided by the price of pizza. That's how many pizzas you can have.  Kurasa, ini akan lebih mudah kalau kita melihatnya dengan grafik. Coba kalian perhatikan gambar 3-1, ini menunjukkan apa yang dimaksud dengan Budget Constraint (Kendala Anggaran). Lalu apa yang dimaksud dengan "Kendala Anggaran"? (Perhatikan Grafik) Pada sumbu X, adalah  pendapatanmu (Y)  dibagi...

  Your Income . That said, this is not a terrible description  of most Americans. The median American household has $400 in the bank.  So this is not kind of a terrible description of the way most people live, their lives in America  which is  what they earn each week is what they spend each week .  So that's what we'll do.  It also might not be sort of a terrible description of your life. I presume, in college, you're not doing a lot of savings.  You maybe do a little borrowing, but not a lot of savings or borrowing.  So what we're going to do is we're  going to assume that's true for you as well. We're going to assume your parents have given you some amount of money to spend.  We'll call it Y,  Your income  ( Y) is the amount of money your parents  have given you  to spend for say  the semester or the month.  And, once again, let's say all you spend your money on is pizza and cookies, OK?  That's...

  Consumer Choice . Today, we're going to continue our discussion of  consumer choice . And we're going to talk about, what  happens when w e take that unconstrained choice that we've talked about on Monday,  and we impose budget constraints.  We'll talk about  What  budget constraints  are,  We'll then come to talking about how consumers make  constrained choices .  And then we'll end with an example of food stamps.  Hari ini, kita akan melanjutkan diskusi kita tentang (consumer choice)  pilihan konsumen . Dan sekarang kita akan membahas apa yang terjadi ketika kita  mengambil pilihan tanpa batasan   -seperti yang pernah kita bahas pada hari Senin lalu-  dan menerapkan "kendala anggaran" .  Kita akan pelajari tentang  Kendala Anggaran.  Kita kemudian akan membahas tentang  bagaimana konsumen membuat pilihan terbatas .  Lalu kita akhiri dengan contoh program  kupon makanan ....

  "So, in looking at the differences, like an increase in the price of pizza or like a decrease in your budget is it more showing that like the change in slopes doesn't really affect you, if you're like say buying more cookies than pizza? But like, in terms of if your budget as a whole decreases, then it affects you overall."  That's a great question, and we're gonna actually answer that question next lecture very explicitly. So hold on to that question, and we'll talk about we're going to compare explicitly why income changes differ from price changes and what are the underlying mechanisms.  "How do you determine your marginal rate  of transformation? How do determine your-- like say it wasn't just pizza and cookies. Like say it was more products. How would you determine that value?"   Great question. So, as I said, we always are gonna start with simplifying assumptions to make life easy.  There's no reason that this couldn't be ...

  Dalam kitab2 syarah (alfiyyah ibn malik, di bab maushul) selalu disebutkan  al maushul al harfi. كتاب شرح ألفية ابن مالك الموصول الحرف Jadi maushul itu ada dua ada yang berkategori isim, ada yang berkategori huruf, yang kita bahas sebelumnya di bait ini adalah yang isim.  موصول الأسماء الذي الأنثى التي  -  واليا إذا ما ثنّيا لا تثبت موصول الأسماء Oleh sebab itu di situ disebutkan maushul asma-i.  Bermula maushulnya beberapa isim (ini menunjukkan) isim statusnya  Alladzi itu isim Allati itu isim dst... الَّذي اللَّذان اللَّذين الَّتي اللَّتان اللَّواتي - اللَّاتي Tapi ada juga, maushul yang sifatnya Al Harfi. Maushul harfi ini biasa disebut sebagai ahruful mashdariyah.  Huruf mashdariyah itu adalah  maushul harfi Jadi  Anna  An  Maa  Lau  Kay  dan ada yang menambahkan hamzah taswiyah ,  itu adalah al maushul al harfi. Dalam konteks ketika kita menganalisis tafsir2 misalnya, istilah ini muncul. Janganlah ...